Ethan L. Miller is a Professor of Computer Science in the Jack Baskin School of Engineering, and is the Associate Director of the Storage Systems Research Center. He was a member of the RAID project at UC Berkeley, where he did his PhD on a decentralized parallel file system for high-end scientific computing. His current research interests include petabyte-scale file systems, archival storage systems and file systems and scalable view-based metadata management for storage-class memories. He is particularly interested in issues in file and storage system reliability, scalability, and security, both for short-term and archival storage.

Publications

2009

• Andrew Leung, Ian Adams, Ethan L. Miller, Magellan: A Searchable Metadata Architecture for Large-Scale File Systems, Technical Report UCSC-SSRC-09-07, November 2009. [Scalable Metadata Management] [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Yangwook Kang, Ethan L. Miller, Adding Aggressive Error Correction to a High-Performance Flash File System, Proceedings of the 9th ACM/IEEE Conference on Embedded Software (EMSOFT '09), October 2009. [Reliable Storage] [Storage Class Memories]
• Andrew Leung, Aleatha Parker-Wood, Ethan L. Miller, Copernicus: A Scalable, High-Performance Semantic File System, Technical Report UCSC-SSRC-09-06, October 2009. [Scalable Metadata Management] [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Avani Wildani, Thomas Schwarz, Ethan L. Miller, Darrell D. E. Long, Protecting Against Rare Event Failures in Archival Systems, Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS 2009), September 2009. [Archival Storage] [Reliable Storage]
• Kevin Greenan, Darrell D. E. Long, Ethan L. Miller, Thomas Schwarz, Avani Wildani, Building Flexible, Fault-Tolerant Flash-based Storage Systems, Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Hot Topics in System Dependability (HotDep 2009), June 2009. [Reliable Storage] [Storage Class Memories]
• Mark W. Storer, Kevin Greenan, Ethan L. Miller, Kaladhar Voruganti, POTSHARDS—A Secure, Long-Term Storage System, ACM Transactions on Storage 5(2), June 2009. [Archival Storage] [Secure File and Storage Systems]
• Ian Adams, Darrell D. E. Long, Ethan L. Miller, Shankar Pasupathy, Mark W. Storer, Maximizing Efficiency By Trading Storage for Computation, Proceedings of the Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud ’09), June 2009. [Archival Storage] [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Andrew Leung, Minglong Shao, Timothy Bisson, Shankar Pasupathy, Ethan L. Miller, Spyglass: Metadata Search for Large-Scale Storage Systems, ;login: — The USENIX Magazine 34(3), June 2009. [Scalable Metadata Management] [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Keren Jin, Ethan L. Miller, The Effectiveness of Deduplication on Virtual Machine Disk Images, Proceedings of SYSTOR 2009: The Israeli Experimental Systems Conference, May 2009. [Deduplication]
• Avani Wildani, Thomas Schwarz, Ethan L. Miller, Darrell D. E. Long, Protecting Against Rare Event Failures in Archival Systems, Technical Report UCSC-SSRC-09-03, April 2009. Preliminary version of a paper that appeared in MASCOTS 2009. [Archival Storage] [Reliable Storage]
• Andrew Leung, Minglong Shao, Timothy Bisson, Shankar Pasupathy, Ethan L. Miller, Spyglass: Fast, Scalable Metadata Search for Large-Scale Storage Systems, Proceedings of the 7th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '09), February 2009. [Scalable Metadata Management] [Petabyte-Scale Storage]

2008

• Kevin Greenan, Darrell D. E. Long, Ethan L. Miller, Thomas Schwarz, Jay Wylie, A Spin-Up Saved is Energy Earned: Achieving Power-Efficient, Erasure-Coded Storage, Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hot Topics in System Dependability (HotDep '08), December 2008. [Archival Storage] [Reliable Storage]
• Mark W. Storer, Kevin Greenan, Ian Adams, Ethan L. Miller, Darrell D. E. Long, Kaladhar Voruganti, Logan: Automatic Management for Evolvable, Large-Scale, Archival Storage, Proceedings of the 2008 Petascale Data Storage Workshop (PDSW 08), November 2008. [Archival Storage]
• Andrew Leung, Ethan L. Miller, Scalable Full-Text Search for Petascale File Systems, Proceedings of the 2008 Petascale Data Storage Workshop (PDSW 08), November 2008. [Scalable Metadata Management] [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Mark W. Storer, Kevin Greenan, Darrell D. E. Long, Ethan L. Miller, Secure Data Deduplication, Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Storage Security and Survivability (StorageSS 2008), held in conjunction with the 15th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2008), October 2008. [Archival Storage] [Deduplication] [Secure File and Storage Systems]
• Mohammed G. Khatib, Ethan L. Miller, Pieter H. Hartel, Workload-Based Configuration of MEMS-Based Storage Devices for Mobile Systems, Proceedings of the 8th ACM & IEEE Conference on Embedded Software (EMSOFT '08), October 2008, pages 245-254. [MEMS-based Storage]
• Sasha Ames, Carlos Maltzahn, Ethan L. Miller, Quasar: A Scalable Naming Language for Very Large File Collections, Technical Report UCSC-SSRC-08-04, October 2008. [Scalable Metadata Management]
• Sasha Ames, Carlos Maltzahn, Ethan L. Miller, QUASAR: Interaction with File Systems Using a Query and Naming Language, Technical Report UCSC-SSRC-08-03, September 2008. [Scalable Metadata Management]
• Kevin Greenan, Ethan L. Miller, Thomas Schwarz, Optimizing Galois Field Arithmetic for Diverse Processor Architectures, Proceedings of the 16th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS 2008), September 2008. [Archival Storage] [Reliable Storage]
• Andrew Leung, Minglong Shao, Timothy Bisson, Shankar Pasupathy, Ethan L. Miller, High-Performance Metadata Indexing and Search in Petascale Data Storage Systems, Proceedings of the SciDAC 2008 Conference, July 2008. [Scalable Metadata Management] [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Kevin Greenan, Ethan L. Miller, Jay Wylie, Reliability of XOR-based erasure codes on heterogeneous devices, Proceedings of the 38th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN 2008), June 2008, pages 147-156. [Reliable Storage]
• Andrew Leung, Shankar Pasupathy, Garth Goodson, Ethan L. Miller, Measurement and Analysis of Large-Scale Network File System Workloads, Proceedings of the 2008 USENIX Technical Conference, June 2008. [Scalable Metadata Management] [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Neerja Bhatnagar, Kevin Greenan, Rosie Wacha, Ethan L. Miller, Darrell D. E. Long, Energy-Reliability Trade-offs in Sensor Networks, Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors (HotEmNets 2008), June 2008. [Reliable Storage]
• Mark W. Storer, Kevin Greenan, Ethan L. Miller, Kaladhar Voruganti, Pergamum: Energy-efficient Archival Storage with Disk Instead of Tape, ;login: — The USENIX Magazine 33(3), June 2008. [Archival Storage]
• Andrew Leung, Minglong Shao, Timothy Bisson, Shankar Pasupathy, Ethan L. Miller, Spyglass: Fast, Scalable Metadata Search for Large-Scale Storage Systems, Technical Report UCSC-SSRC-08-01, May 2008. [Scalable Metadata Management] [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Mark W. Storer, Kevin Greenan, Ethan L. Miller, Kaladhar Voruganti, Pergamum: Replacing Tape with Energy Efficient, Reliable, Disk-Based Archival Storage, Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST '08), February 2008, pages 1-16. [Archival Storage] [Reliable Storage]

2007

• Andrew Leung, Ethan L. Miller, Stephanie Jones, Scalable Security for Petascale Parallel File Systems, Proceedings of SC '07, November 2007. [Petabyte-Scale Storage] [Secure File and Storage Systems]
• Jonathan Koren, Yi Zhang, Sasha Ames, Andrew Leung, Carlos Maltzahn, Ethan L. Miller, Searching and Navigating Petabyte Scale File Systems Based on Facets, Proceedings of the 2007 ACM Petascale Data Storage Workshop (PDSW 07), November 2007. [Scalable Metadata Management]
• Neerja Bhatnagar, Ethan L. Miller, A Secure and Reliable File System for Sensor Nodes, Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Storage Security and Survivability (StorageSS 2007), October 2007. [Secure File and Storage Systems]
• Kevin Greenan, Ethan L. Miller, Thomas Schwarz, Darrell D. E. Long, Disaster Recovery Codes: Increasing Reliability with Large-Stripe Error Correction Codes, Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Storage Security and Survivability (StorageSS 2007), held in conjunction with the 14th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2007), October 2007. [Archival Storage] [Petabyte-Scale Storage] [Reliable Storage]
• Kevin Greenan, Ethan L. Miller, Thomas Schwarz, Analysis and Construction of Galois Fields for Efficient Storage Reliability, Technical Report UCSC-SSRC-07-09, August 2007. Revised version published in MASCOTS 2008. [Archival Storage] [Reliable Storage] [Secure File and Storage Systems]
• Kevin Greenan, Ethan L. Miller, PRIMS : Making NVRAM Suitable for Extremely Reliable Storage, short paper in Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Hot Topics in System Dependability (HotDep '07), June 2007. [Reliable Storage] [Storage Class Memories]
• Mark W. Storer, Kevin Greenan, Ethan L. Miller, Kaladhar Voruganti, POTSHARDS: Secure Long-Term Storage Without Encryption, Proceedings of the 2007 USENIX Technical Conference, June 2007, pages 143-156. [Archival Storage] [Secure File and Storage Systems]
• Carlos Maltzahn, Nikhil Bobb, Mark W. Storer, Damian Eads, Scott A. Brandt, Ethan L. Miller, Graffiti: A Framework for Testing Collaborative Distributed Metadata, Proceedings in Informatics 21, March 2007, pages 97–111. [Scalable Metadata Management] [Storage Class Memories]

2006

• Sage Weil, Scott A. Brandt, Ethan L. Miller, Carlos Maltzahn, CRUSH: Controlled, Scalable, Decentralized Placement of Replicated Data, Proceedings of SC '06, November 2006. [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Sage Weil, Scott A. Brandt, Ethan L. Miller, Darrell D. E. Long, Carlos Maltzahn, Ceph: A Scalable, High-Performance Distributed File System, Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI '06), November 2006. [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Andrew Leung, Ethan L. Miller, Scalable Security for Large, High Performance Storage Systems, Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Workshop on Storage Security and Survivability (StorageSS 2006), October 2006. [Petabyte-Scale Storage] [Secure File and Storage Systems]
• Mark W. Storer, Kevin Greenan, Ethan L. Miller, Long-Term Threats to Secure Archives, Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Workshop on Storage Security and Survivability (StorageSS 2006), October 2006. [Archival Storage] [Reliable Storage] [Secure File and Storage Systems]
• Kevin Greenan, Ethan L. Miller, Reliability Mechanisms for File Systems Using Non-Volatile Memory as a Metadata Store, Proceedings of the 6th ACM & IEEE Conference on Embedded Software (EMSOFT '06), October 2006, pages 178-187. [Reliable Storage] [Storage Class Memories]
• Mark W. Storer, Kevin Greenan, Ethan L. Miller, Kaladhar Voruganti, POTSHARDS: Secure Long-Term Archival Storage Without Encryption, Technical Report UCSC-SSRC-06-03, Storage Systems Research Center, University of California, Santa Cruz, September 2006. Later version published in USENIX 2007. [Archival Storage] [Reliable Storage] [Secure File and Storage Systems]
• Deepavali Bhagwat, Kristal Pollack, Darrell D. E. Long, Thomas Schwarz, Ethan L. Miller, Jehan-François Pâris, Providing High Reliability in a Minimum Redundancy Archival Storage System, Proceedings of the 14th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS '06), September 2006, pages 413-421. [Archival Storage] [Deduplication]
• Thomas Schwarz, Ethan L. Miller, Store, forget, and check: Using algebraic signatures to check remotely administered storage, Proceedings of the IEEE Int'l Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS '06), July 2006. [Archival Storage] [Reliable Storage] [Secure File and Storage Systems]
• Bo Hong, Scott A. Brandt, Darrell D. E. Long, Ethan L. Miller, Ying Lin, Using MEMS-Based Storage in Computer Systems—Device Modeling and Management, ACM Transactions on Storage, Vol. 2, No. 2, May 2006, pages 139-160. [MEMS-based Storage]
• Sasha Ames, Nikhil Bobb, Kevin Greenan, Owen Hofmann, Mark W. Storer, Carlos Maltzahn, Ethan L. Miller, Scott A. Brandt, LiFS: An attribute-rich file system for storage class memories, Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE / 14th NASA Goddard Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies, May 2006. [Storage Class Memories]
• Sage Weil, Feng Wang, Qin Xin, Scott A. Brandt, Ethan L. Miller, Darrell D. E. Long, Carlos Maltzahn, Ceph: A Scalable Object-Based Storage System, Technical Report UCSC-SSRC-06-01, March 2006. [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Nikhil Bobb, Damian Eads, Mark W. Storer, Scott A. Brandt, Carlos Maltzahn, Ethan L. Miller, Graffiti: A framework for testing collaborative distributed metadata, Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Distributed Data and Structures (WDAS 2006), January 2006. [Storage Class Memories]

2005

• Mark W. Storer, Kevin Greenan, Ethan L. Miller, Carlos Maltzahn, POTSHARDS: Storing Data for the Long-Term Without Encryption, Proceedings of the 3rd International IEEE Security in Storage Workshop, December 2005. [Archival Storage] [Secure File and Storage Systems]
• Christopher Olson, Ethan L. Miller, Secure Capabilities for a Petabyte-Scale Object-Based Distributed File System, Proceedings of the 2005 ACM Workshop on Storage Security and Survivability (StorageSS 2005), November 2005. Won Best Full Paper award. [Petabyte-Scale Storage] [Secure File and Storage Systems]
• Qin Xin, Thomas Schwarz, Ethan L. Miller, Disk Infant Mortality in Large Storage Systems, Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS '05), September 2005. [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Qin Xin, Ethan L. Miller, Thomas Schwarz, Darrell D. E. Long, Impact of Failure on Interconnection Networks in Large Storage Systems, Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE / 13th NASA Goddard Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies, April 2005. [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Sasha Ames, Nikhil Bobb, Scott A. Brandt, Adam Hiatt, Carlos Maltzahn, Ethan L. Miller, Alisa Neeman, Deepa Tuteja, Richer file system metadata using links and attributes, Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE / 13th NASA Goddard Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies, April 2005. [Storage Class Memories]

2004

• Qin Xin, Thomas Schwarz, Ethan L. Miller, Availability in Global Peer-To-Peer Storage Systems, Distributed Data and Structures 6, Proceedings in Informatics, December 2004. [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Sage Weil, Kristal Pollack, Scott A. Brandt, Ethan L. Miller, Dynamic Metadata Management for Petabyte-Scale File Systems, Proceedings of the 2004 ACM/IEEE Conference on Supercomputing (SC '04), November 2004. [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Thomas Schwarz, Qin Xin, Ethan L. Miller, Darrell D. E. Long, Andy Hospodor, Spencer Ng, Disk Scrubbing in Large Archival Storage Systems, Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS '04), October 2004, pages 409-418. Won Best Paper award. [Archival Storage] [Petabyte-Scale Storage] [Reliable Storage]
• Nate Edel, Deepa Tuteja, Ethan L. Miller, Scott A. Brandt, MRAMFS: a compressing file system for non-volatile RAM, Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS '04), October 2004, pages 596-603. [Storage Class Memories]
• Ismail Ari, Ethan L. Miller, Caching Support for Push-Pull Data Dissemination Using Data Snooping Routers, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS '04), August 2004. [Adaptive Caching]
• Nate Edel, Karl Brandt, Ethan L. Miller, Scott A. Brandt, Measuring the compressibility of metadata and small files for disk/nvram hybrid storage systems., Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPECTS '04), July 2004. [Storage Class Memories]
• Qin Xin, Ethan L. Miller, Thomas Schwarz, Evaluation of Distributed Recovery in Large-Scale Storage Systems, Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC 2004), June 2004, pages 172-181. [Petabyte-Scale Storage] [Reliable Storage]
• Sage Weil, Scott A. Brandt, Ethan L. Miller, Kristal Pollack, Intelligent Metadata Management for a Petabyte-Scale File System, 2nd Intelligent Storage Workshop, May 2004. [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Feng Wang, Scott A. Brandt, Ethan L. Miller, Darrell D. E. Long, OBFS: A File System for Object-Based Storage Devices, Proceedings of the 21st IEEE / 12th NASA Goddard Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies, April 2004, pages 283-300. [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Andy Hospodor, Ethan L. Miller, Interconnection Architectures for Petabyte-Scale High-Performance Storage Systems, Proceedings of the 21st IEEE / 12th NASA Goddard Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies, April 2004, pages 273-281. [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Feng Wang, Qin Xin, Bo Hong, Scott A. Brandt, Ethan L. Miller, Darrell D. E. Long, Tyce T. Mclarty, File System Workload Analysis For Large Scientific Computing Applications, NASA/IEEE Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST 2004), April 2004, pages 139–152. [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• R. J. Honicky, Ethan L. Miller, Replication Under Scalable Hashing: A Family of Algorithms for Scalable Decentralized Data Distribution, Proceedings of the 18th International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS 2004), April 2004. [Petabyte-Scale Storage]

2003

• Ismail Ari, Bo Hong, Ethan L. Miller, Scott A. Brandt, Darrell D. E. Long, Managing flash crowds on the Internet, Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS '03), December 2003, pages 246–249. [Adaptive Caching]
• Bo Hong, Scott A. Brandt, Darrell D. E. Long, Ethan L. Miller, Karen Glocer, Zachary Peterson, Zone-based shortest positioning time first scheduling for MEMS-based storage devices, Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS '03), December 2003, pages 104-113. [MEMS-based Storage]
• Geoff Kuenning, Ethan L. Miller, Anonymization Techniques for URLs and Filenames, Technical Report UCSC-CRL-03-05, September 2003. [Secure File and Storage Systems]
• Nate Edel, Karl Brandt, Ethan L. Miller, Scott A. Brandt, Measuring the compressibility of metadata and small files for disk/NVRAM hybrid storage systems, Technical Report UCSC-CRL-03-04, Storage Systems Research Center, University of California, July 2003. [Storage Class Memories]
• Scott A. Brandt, Ethan L. Miller, Darrell D. E. Long, Lan Xue, Efficient Metadata Management in Large Distributed File Systems, Proceedings of the 20th IEEE / 11th NASA Goddard Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST 2003), April 2003, pages 290-298. [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• R. J. Honicky, Ethan L. Miller, A Fast Algorithm for Online Placement and Reorganization of Replicated Data, Proceedings of the 17th International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS 2003), April 2003. [Petabyte-Scale Storage]
• Qin Xin, Ethan L. Miller, Thomas Schwarz, Darrell D. E. Long, Scott A. Brandt, Witold Litwin, Reliability Mechanisms for Very large Storage Systems, Proceedings of the 20th IEEE / 11th NASA Goddard Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies, April 2003, pages 146-156. [Petabyte-Scale Storage] [Reliable Storage]

2002

• Ismail Ari, Ahmed Amer, Robert Gramacy, Ethan L. Miller, Scott A. Brandt, Darrell D. E. Long, ACME: Adaptive Caching Using Multiple Experts, Proceedings in Informatics 14(), December 2002, pages 143-158. [Adaptive Caching]
• Ying Lin, Scott A. Brandt, Darrell D. E. Long, Ethan L. Miller, Power conservation strategies for MEMS-based storage devices, Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS '02), October 2002. [MEMS-based Storage]
• Scott Banachowski, Zachary Peterson, Ethan L. Miller, Scott A. Brandt, Intra-file security for a distributed file system, Proceedings of the 19th IEEE Symposium on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies, April 2002, pages 153-163. [Secure File and Storage Systems]
• Ismail Ari, Ahmed Amer, Ethan L. Miller, Scott A. Brandt, Darrell D. E. Long, Who is more adaptive? ACME: adaptive caching using multiple experts, Workshop on Distributed Data and Structures (WDAS 2002), March 2002. [Adaptive Caching]
• Ethan L. Miller, Darrell D. E. Long, William E. Freeman, Benjamin C. Reed, Strong Security for Network-Attached Storage, Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST), January 2002, pages 1-13. [Petabyte-Scale Storage] [Secure File and Storage Systems]

2001

• Ethan L. Miller, Scott A. Brandt, Darrell D. E. Long, HeRMES: High-Performance Reliable MRAM-Enabled Storage, Proceedings of the 8th IEEE Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS-VIII), May 2001, pages 83-87. [Storage Class Memories]
• Ethan L. Miller, Darrell D. E. Long, William E. Freeman, Benjamin C. Reed, Strong security for distributed file systems, Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Performance, Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC '01), April 2001, pages 34–40. [Secure File and Storage Systems]

2000

• William E. Freeman, Ethan L. Miller, Design for a decentralized security system for network-attached storage, Proceedings of the 17th IEEE Symposium on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies, March 2000, pages 361–373. [Secure File and Storage Systems]

1998

• Timothy Gibson, Ethan L. Miller, Long-Term File Activity Patterns in a UNIX Workstation Environment , Proceedings of the 6th Goddard Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies / 15th IEEE Symposium on Mass Storage Systems, March 1998, pages 355-372. [Archival Storage]

1997

• Ethan L. Miller, Randy Katz, RAMA: An Easy-To-Use, High-Performance Parallel File System, Parallel Computing 23(4), July 1997, pages 419-446. [Petabyte-Scale Storage]